Friday, 26 September 2014

DIFFUSION OF THEORY


MINI PROJECT


DIFFUSION OF THEORY
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DIFFUSION is: “The process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of social system” INNOVATION is: “An idea, practice, or object perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption.
In 1962 Everett Rogers combined the information flow research findings with studies about the flow of information and personal influence in several fields including anthropology, sociology and rural agricultural extension work. He developed a diffusion theory. So although it is classified as an important theory in the field of communication, diffusion of innovations there has known practical application in many other disciplines liked sociology, rural sociology, economics and medical sociology.
Everett Rogers in his classic work analyzed thousands of diffusion studies in various disciplines over the years and found similarities. All the studies involved an innovation communication form one person to another a society of community setting and the element of time. Communication Channels: Communication is the process by which participants create and share information with one another to reach a mutual understanding. It is also the medium by which messages are transferred from one individual to another. Mass Media channels such as the internet, TV, Radio, Newspapers and many others are very effective in creating knowledge of innovations whereas interpersonal channels like face-to-face, telephone, instant messaging and many more are also effective in forming and changing attitudes toward a  new idea and thus in influencing the decision to adopt or reject a new idea.
Time: It is involved in the innovation-decision process, which is the mental process through which an individual or other decision making unit passes from first knowledge of an innovation to forming an attitude toward the innovation to a decision to adopt or reject, to implementation of the new idea, and to confirmation of this decision. An individual seeks information at various stages in the innovation-decision process in order to decrease uncertainty about an innovation’s expected consequences. Another way time involved in diffusion is the rate of adoption which is the relative speed with which an innovation is adopted by members of a social system. The Social System:  This is the fourth main element in the diffusion of new ideas and it is a set of interrelated units that are engaged in a joint problem-solving to accomplish a common goal. The members of a social system may be individuals, informal groups, organizations, and/or subsystems. The social system constitutes a boundary within which an innovation diffuses.
Diffusion of innovation has helped in so many ways and many societies have undoubtedly acquired most of their cultural ideas by diffusion. For example, writing, the use of numerals, mathematics and many others went through the process of diffusion of innovation.

Diffusion of innovation theory states that an innovation (i.e., an idea, new technique, and new technology) diffuses or spreads through out society in a predictable pattern. A few people will adopt an innovation as soon as they hear of it other people will take longer to try something new and still others will take much longer. The pattern is that of an S-shaped curve. The Innovation: This concerns itself with why certain innovations spread more quickly than other.  Rogers argued that the characteristics which determine an innovation’s rate of adoption are – its Relative advantage, Compatibility, Complexity, Trial ability and Observability to those within the social system. Rogers and other diffusion researchers also identified five separate innovation-adoption categories into which all people in a society will fall. These are; Innovators, Early adopters, Early majority, Late majority and Laggards.  Diffusion theory is mostly concerned with the rate at which innovations spread.



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REF; Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of innovations, Fifth Edition 2003, Free Press New York p221. Moore, Geoffry, A.(1999) Marketing and Selling High Tech Product to Mainstream Customers, revised edition, Harper Collins.

Monday, 19 November 2012


                                                  HISTORY BEHIND PALM WINE TAPPING 
Palmwine tapping and alcohol distillation was once a lucrative and a major occupation for our fore fathers in some farming communities and villages in West Africa especially in Ghana, Nigeria and Liberia.
As traditions and customs demand, palm wine and it’s end product local gin (Akpeteshie) in the days was very paramount  and essential in all endeavours.In was used in performing several functions to project and to promote the rich cultural values and heritage in the society.
The palm wine and the local dry Gin (akpeteshie) was used as the medium of communication between the living and the Ominipotent  God, the living and the gods, and the gods and the ancestors for protection and guidance from any calamities and misfortunes that may have been admonished to the community.
 The palm wine and the local dry Gin, again used part from pouring libation, served during festive occasions and mournings such as festivals, naming and marriage ceremonies, funerals, enstoolment of a new chief, used to welcome some important dignitaries on courtesy calls and many others.
Traditional authorities in some communities in Ghana still patronized the use of Palm wine in a specially sanctioned days that they observed in accordance to their traditional calendar like Akwasidae which is observed every 40 days,  Awukudae also observed every fortnights coupled with  purifications during an abomination been caused by people against the Gods which needs purification to pleased the gods and ancestors.
                                                                      PROCESS
                                                                DRESSING/ PREPARATION
The process of tapping palm wine in West Africa varies from country to country. In Ghana the palm tree is first pulled down and this will be allowed on the ground for five days untouched. Then after the fifth day the felt palm tree will be dressed by pruning all it branches or the palm fronts.
                                                                      DRAWINGS
After the pruning the tapper then constructs a rectangular cavity or hole   at the very neck of the palm tree or between the palm tree and the branches. Inside the rectangular cavity is a thin narrow hole with connecting a pipe tube that draws the wine into a pot or a container been placed under it. Thereafter  the extraction begins.
The tapper at this stage draws the wine every morning and in the afternoon apply some heat at the very rectangular constructed cavity to make it fertile for more drawings the following morning. The collection of the drawings some times took place twice depending on the fertility of the palm tree. The drawings continuous until the palm tree becomes unproductive or barren and this occurred between 30 to 40 days
                                                                         BOILING STAGE
Two barrels are used at this stage one containing the fermented palm wine which will or is put on fire at a very high temperature and the other filled with water. A connecting pipe is fixed to the two barrels. Inside the barrel containing the water is a coiled pipe. The essence of this pipe is to collect or transfer vapour   from the high ternperatured barrel into the barrel filled with water to help cool and condense the vapour from the boiling palm wine into Gin. The initial collections called soda water will be set aside for the real Gin.
Moreover the process of palm wine distillation comes with a lot of by-product which serves as  a source of food and other usage. This includes Mushroom, edible maggot  which is locally known as (Akokono) brooms etc.

Wednesday, 24 October 2012

PICTURES OF TAPPING PALM WINE

                                                                      PALM TREE













                                    A DRESSED PALM TREE READY FOR EXTRACTION


                               THE SPREAD FELT PALM TREE READY FOR EXTRACTION